Civil engineering

“USE OF WASTE MATERIALS AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND AND COARSE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE MIX”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

“BACHLOR OF ENGINEERING”

Submitted by-

SHOAIB GHORI

BASIT CHAUHAN

ABDUL AZEEZ CHOUHAN

POOJA KAMBLE

Under the guidance of

PROF. Faizan Shaikh

Chapter 1

Introduction

At present no construction activity is possible without Using concrete. It is the most common material used in construction worldwide. The main reason behind this is because of its high strength, durability and workability. The total world consumption of concrete per year is about one ton for every living human being. Man consumes no materials except water in such tremendous quantities. Due to privatization and globalization, the construction of important

Infrastructure projects like Highways, Airports, Nuclear plants, Bridges, Dams etc. in India is increasing year after year. Such developmental activities consume large quantity of precious natural resources. This leads not only faster depletion of natural.

Resources but also increase the cost of construction of structures. In view of this, people have started searching for suitable other viable alternative materials which could be used either as an additive or as a partial replacement to the conventional ingredients of concrete so that the existing natural resources could be saved to the possible extent, and could

be made available for the future generation. In this process, different industrial waste materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, quarry dust, tile waste, brick bats, broken glass waste, waste aggregate from demolition of structures, ceramic tiles, electronic waste of discarded old computers, TVs, refrigerators, radios, waste paper mill pulp, iron filling, waste coconut shell, rice husk ash, marble dust powder, hypo sludge, machine crushed animal bones, chicken feather, eggs shell, granite quarry sludge, palm oil fuel ash, copper dust, human hair etc have been tried as a viable substitute material to the conventional materials in concrete.

1.1 Basic relationship

• Workability: The property of the concrete that determines its capacity to be placed and consolidated properly and be finished without harmful segregation.

• Consistency: It is the relative mobility of the concrete mixture, and measured in terms of the slump; the greater the slump value the more mobile the mixture.

• Strength: The capacity of the concrete to resist compression at the age of 28 days.

• Water-cement (w/c) ratio: Defined as the ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement, or the ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement plus added pozzolanic. Either of these ratios is used in mix design and considerably controls concrete strength.

• Durability: Concrete must be able to endure severe weather conditions such as freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, heating and cooling, chemicals, deicing agents, and the like. An increase of concrete durability will enhance concrete resistance to severe weather conditions.

Density: For certain applications concrete may be used primarily for its weight characteristics. Examples are counterweights, weights for sinking pipelines under water, shielding from radiation, and insulation from sound.

Generation of heat: If the temperature rise of the concrete mass is not held to a minimum and the heat is allowed to dissipate at a reasonable rate, or if the concrete is subjected to severe differential or thermal gradient, cracking is likely to occur."

1.2 Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Concrete

"Chemical admixtures, pozzolanic, and other materials can be added to concrete mix to alter some properties or to produce desired characteristics. Additives are used to affect the workability, consistency, density, strength, and durability of the concrete."

1.3 Construction waste

It include the unwanted residue resulting from the alteration, construction, demolition or repair of any buildings or other structures.
These include roofing, concrete block, plaster, structural steel, plumbing fixtures, electrical fixtures, heating and ventilation equipment, windows and doors.
Construction waste consists of unwanted material produce directly or incidentally by the construction or industries.
CONSTRUCTION WASTE DOES NOT INCLUDE MATERIALS IDENTIFIED AS SOLID WASTE, INFECTIOUS WASTE OR HAZARDOUS WASTE.

1.4 Use of waste in concrete

Research efforts has been done to match society need for safe and economic disposal of waste materials.
The use of waste materials saves natural resources and dumping spaces, and helps to maintain a clean environment.
The current concrete construction practice is through unsustainable because, not only it is consuming enormous quantities of STONE, SAND, and DRINKING WATER, but also two billion tons a year of PORTLAND CEMENT, which releases green-house gases leading to global warming.
Experiment has been conducted for waste materials
Construction waste recycle plants are now installed in various countries but they are PARTLY SOLUTION to the waste problems.

Replacement materials

There are various waste that can be replaced by concrete ingredients, some are summarized here;

Waste in replacement of CEMENT are;

Fly-ash
Ground-granulated blast-furnace(GGBS)
Marble powder
Timber waste
Ceramic waste
Grit powder

Waste in replacement of FINE AGGREGATE;

Rice husk
Waste iron
Ceramic waste
Sheet glass powder
Crushed granite powder
Demolition waste

Waste in replacement of COARSE AGGREGATE;

Rubber tire waste
Coconut shell waste
Building demolition waste
Iron powder
Granite powder

Chapter 2

Literature Review

Dr. Haider.K. Ammash;

Dr. Haider.K.Ammash the possibilities Waste Glass of size up to 5mm as a fine aggregate in concrete. The waste glass was used as a partial weight replacement of sand with percentages of 10, 20, 30 and 40 %. They found that, waste glass aggregate can be satisfactorily substituted for natural fine aggregate at replacement levels up to 20%.

M. Iqbal Malik;

M. Iqbal Malik studied the use of Waste Glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Fine aggregates were replaced by waste glass powder as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, durability and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. They discovered that 20% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 15% increase in compressive strength at 7 days and 25%

increase in compressive strength at 28 days. Fine aggregates can be replaced by waste glass up to 30% by weight showing 9.8% increase in compressive strength at 28 days. With increase in waste glass content, percentage water absorption decreases. With increase in waste glass content, average weight decreases by 5% for mixture with 40% waste glass content thus making waste glass concrete light weight. Splitting tensile strength decreases with increase in waste glass content.

Gunalaan Vasudevan, Seri Ganis KanapathyPillay;

Gunalaan Vasudevan, Seri Ganis KanapathyPillay studied to investigate the effect of using Waste Glass Powder in concrete. Laboratory work was conducted to determine the performance of control sample and concrete with used waste glass powder. They concluded that concrete with using waste glass powder averagely had higher strength at 14 days but once the concrete reached at 28 days the control mix give more higher value compare to mix that contained waste glass powder but still give high value of the M 30 grade.

G.Murali;

G.Murali concluded that the concrete with Steel Powder as waste material was found to be good in compression which had the compressive strength of 41.25% more than the conventional concrete. Better split tensile strength was achieved with the addition of the steel powder waste in concrete. The strength has increased up to 40.87% when compared to that of the conventional concrete specimen. In flexure the specimen with soft drink bottle caps as waste material was found to be good. While adding the soft drink bottle caps the flexural strength increased by 25.88% that of the conventional concrete.

Mostafa Jalal;

Mostafa Jalal investigated the mechanical behavior of concrete reinforced with Recycle Steel Fibers (RSF) recovered from milling and machining process. He observed that the compressive strength of the specimens was significantly increased. By increasing the waste fibers percentage, workability of concrete decreased. In some cases, water must be added so that the workability increases and as a result, the compressive strength decreases a little. By using waste fibers, cracks distribution got much more uniform during failure. The desired

amount of fibers from the compressive strength point of view was turned out to be between 2-3 percent.

Dr. G.Vijayakumar ;

Dr. G.Vijayakumar conducted and experiment concrete prepared by partial replacement of cement by waste Glass Powder of particle size 75μm. The waste glass powder was replaced by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the binder and the mix design was prepared. Before adding glass powder in the concrete it had to be powdered to desired size. In this studies glass powder ground in ball/pulverize for a period of 30 to 6o minutes resulted in particle sizes less than size 150 μm and sieved in 75 μm. The concrete mix design was proposed by using Indian Standard for control concrete of grade M20. The mixture was prepared with the cement content of 330kg/m3 and water to cement ratio of 0.53.At 28 days the glass powder shows a compressive strength of 41.96N/mm2, strength at 30% cement replacement. The pH value observed from the alkalinity test showed that the specimen tested found to be more alkaline and hence more resistant towards corrosion.

Ali N. Alzaed;

Ali N. Alzaed observed that Iron Filings are very small pieces of iron that look like a light powder. He used four different percentage of iron filing and was added to concrete mix to measure the variation 0% (control), 10%, 20% and 30% which may be obtained in compression and tensile concrete strengths after 28 days. Ordinary locally-available Portland cement having a specific gravity of 3.15, Locally available sand having a fineness modulus of 2.54 and a specific gravity of 2.62 was used. Crushed granite coarse aggregate of 20 mm maximum size having a fineness modulus of 7.94 and specific gravity of 2.94 was used. Water conforming to the requirements of water for concreting and curing as per IS: 456–2000. He concluded that compressive strength of concrete was increased by 17% when 30% of iron filling added to the concrete mix. Concrete tensile strength had a minor effect if the percentage of iron filing used more than 10%. Concrete tensile strength increased by 13% when 10% of iron filling added to concrete mix.

Kabiru Usman Rogo and Saleh Abubakar ;

Kabiru Usman Rogo and Saleh Abubakar studied on the Coconut Shell which can be a substitute for aggregates. The shell of the coconut is mostly used as an ornament and as a source of activated carbon. The powdered shell is also used in the industries of plastics, glues, and abrasive materials. The use of coconut shells can also help the prevention of the environment and also help economically. The coconut shells are obtained from a local coconut field. They were sun dried for 1 month before being crushed manually with particle sizes of the coconut shell range from 5 to 20 mm. They prepared about 72 concrete cubes size 150x150 x150mm with different mixed ratios1:2:4, 1:11/2:3 and 1:3:6 were casted and tested. They concluded that compressive strength in N/mm2 of coconut shell at 7, 14 21, and 28 days with mix ratios of 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and1:3:6 are (8.6, 8.9, 6.4), (9.6, 11.2, 8.7), (13.6, 13.1, 10.7) and (15.1, 16, 5, 11)respectively for gravel (19.1, 18.5, 9.6) (22.5, 23.0, 10.4) (26.7, 24.9, 12.9) and (28.1,30.0, 15) respectively. Since the concrete strength of coconut shell with mix ratio 1:1.5:3attained 16.5N/mm2 at 28 days it can be used as plain concrete. Hence cost reduction of48% was obtained.

Mohammed Monish;

Mohammed Monish investigated that huge quantities of construction and demolition wastes are generated every year in developing countries like India. The disposal of this waste is a very serious problem because it requires huge space for its disposal and very little demolished waste is recycled or reused. The paper deals with the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregate by demolished waste on workability and compressive strength of 7 and 28 days.

The concrete mix design was done in accordance with IS:10262 (1982). The cement content in the mix design was taken as 380 kg/m3 which satisfies minimum requirement of 300 kg/m3 . Three specimens each having 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% demolished waste as coarse aggregate replacement for mix of 1:1.67:3.33were cast and tested after 7 and 28 days in order to have a comparative study. They concluded that up to 30% replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate concrete was comparable to conventional concrete. Up to 30% of coarse aggregate replaced by demolished waste gave strength closer to the strength of plain concrete cubes and strength retention is in the range of86.84-94.74% as compared to conventional concrete.

P.Krishna Prasanna and M.Kanta Rao;

P.Krishna Prasanna and M.Kanta Rao they carried out an experimental study by utilizing E- waste particles as coarse aggregates in concrete with a percentage replacement from 0% to 20% i.e. (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Similarly, conventional specimens were also prepared for M30grade concrete without using E- waste aggregates. By conducting tests for both the specimens the hardened properties of concrete were studied. The e-waste contents were calculated on weight basis as coarse aggregate in the conventional mix. The fineness modulus of coarse aggregate with various E- waste contents was observed as 6.937.Compressive strength test was conducted to evaluate the strength development of concrete containing various E- waste contentsat the age of 7, 14, 28 days respectively. It was also observed that the compressive strength of concrete was found to be optimum when coarse aggregate was replaced by 15% with E-Waste. Beyond it the compressive strength is decreasing.

Conclusion;

From the research discussed it is clear that these various wastes are suitable in the construction industry especially in concrete making. Industrial and agricultural waste materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, quarry dust, tile waste, broken glass waste, waste aggregate from demolition of structures, ceramic tiles, E-waste, waste paper mill pulp, iron filling, waste coconut shell, rice husk ash, marble dust powder, hypo sludge, machine crushed animal bones, chicken feather, eggs shell, granite quarry sludge, palm oil fuel ash, copper dust, human hair etc are used in varying proportion as a partial replacement of concrete ingredients. Researchers have indicated their potential for usage in both structural and non-structural concrete. They were found to be performing better than normal concrete, in properties such as workability, durability, permeability and compressive strength. As disposal of wastes, by-products is a major problem in todays world due to limited landfill space as well as its escalating prices for disposal, utilization of these wastes in concrete will not only provide economy but also help in reducing disposal problems.

Chapter 3

METHODOLGY

3.1 Tests Performed on Normal Concrete Materials;

Test on Cement;

Specific gravity test

Tests on Fine Aggregate;

Specific gravity test
Water Absorption Test
Sieve Analysis

Tests on Coarse Aggregate;

Specific gravity test
Water absorption test

3.1.1 Tests on Cement;

Determination of specific gravity of cement

Apparatus: 1. Specific Gravity Bottle

2. Balance capable of weight accurately up to 0.1gm

Procedure:

Weigh a clean and dry Specific gravity bottle with its stopper (W1).
Place a sample of cement upto half of the flask and weight with its stopper (W2).
Add kerosene (polar liquid) to cement in flask till it is about half full. Mix thoroughly with glass rod to remove entrapped air. Continue stirring and add more kerosene till it is flush with the graduated mark. Dry the outside and weigh (W3).
Empty the flask, clean it refills with kerosene flush with the graduated mark wipe dry the outside and weigh (W4).

Conclusion: (W2-W1)/[((W2-W1)-(W3-W4))x0.79]

Where, W1 = weight of empty bottle.

W2 = weight of bottle + cement.

W3 = weight of bottle + cement + kerosene.

W4 = weight of bottle + kerosene.

0.79 = Specific Gravity of kerosene.

Result: Specific gravity of cement = 3.14

3.1.1.1 Observation table

Mass of empty bottle (g) (W1)	23.47
Mass of cement (g) (W2)	32.5
Mass of bottle + cement + kerosene (g) (W3)	48.4
Mass of bottle + kerosene (g) (W4)	43
Specific gravity of kerosene	0.79
Specific Gravity of cement	3.14

3.1.2 Tests on Fine Aggregate;

Determination of specific gravity and water absorption on fine aggregates

Apparatus :- 1. Weighing balance of capacity not less than 5kg

2. Thermostatically controlled oven

3. Pycnometer, Enamel tray, Air tight container, Glass

rod, Wash bottle, Filter paper and Funnel.

Procedure:

Take approximately 2kg of fine aggregate in saturated surface dry condition and weigh it. Take 500g of this sample for test and record it in observation sheet as (C).
This sample is then place in the pycnometer. Fill the pycnometer partly with distilled water. Entrapped air is eliminated by stirring the contents of the pycnometer with glass rod.
Then the pycnometer is completely filled distill water. The hole of the apex of the cone is now covered with finger and assembly is shaken to remove any Entrapped air. Fill the cone of pycnometer with distill water using wash bottle. Now its weight recorded as (A)
Empty the content of pycnometer in enamel tray and refill the pycnometer with distill water to the same level as before using the same procedure. Weigh the entire assembly and record this reading as (B).
The water from the sample in the enamel tray is then removed by decantation. This water collected after decantation is then filtered and the material retained on the filter paper is returned to the sample after drawing.
The sample is then placed in the oven at a temperature of 100’C for 24hours. After 24hours the sample is taken out from the oven.
The sample should then be cooled in the air tight container. Note down the oven dried weight of the sample and record the reading as (D).

Conclusion: Specific gravity can be defined as the ratio of the weight of aggregate in air to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated surface dry aggregate.

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = D/(C-(A-B))

Water Absorption of fine aggregate = [(C-D)/D] x 100

3.1.2.1 Observation table:

DESCRIPTION

SAMPLE NO.

TEST 1 TEST 2

Weight of sample taken (g)

2000

Weight of saturated and surface dry aggregates (C) (g)

500

Weight of pycnometer + sample + water (A) (g)

1834

Weight of pycnometer + water (B) (g)

1514

Weight of oven dry sample (D) (g)

484

Specific gravity = D/( C-(A-B))

2.69

Water absorption percentage dry weight = [(C-D)/D] x 100 (%)

3.31

Average Specific gravity

2.69

Average Water absorption (%)

3.31

3.1.3 Sieve analysis on fine aggregate 1000g

Apparatus:- 1. A set of IS Sieves of sizes – 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm and 75µm.
2. Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1

percent of the weight of the test sample.

Procedure:

1. The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC and weighed.

2. The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.

3. On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.

4. Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the total sample weight.

5. Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates retained on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.

Reporting of result:
The results should be calculated and reported as:
i) the cumulative percentage by weight of the total sample
ii) the percentage by weight of the total sample passing through one sieve and retained on the next smaller sieve, to the nearest 0.1 percent.

3.1.3.1 Observation table

IS sieve size	Weight retaining (gm)	Cumulative weight retaining (gm)	Cumulative % of weight retaining
4.75 mm	66.18	66.18	6.62
2.36 mm	72.13	138.31	13.83
1.18 mm	329	467.31	46.73
600 u	399.78	767.09	76.71
300 u	206.93	973.92	97.39
150 u	21.38	994.05	99.41
75 u	4.90	997.34	99.73
Pan	2.16	1000	100

3.1.4 Tests on Coarse Aggregates

Determination of specific gravity and water absorption on Coarse aggregates

Apparatus: 1. Weighing balance of capacity not less than 5kg

2. Thermostatically Controlled oven

3. Glass vessel of sufficient capacity, Air-tight container

4. 10mm IS sieve

Procedure:

Take approximately 1kg sample of coarse aggregate in its natural state (The quantity of sample to be taken depends upon the size of the aggregate)
Now sieve the sample to 10mm IS sieve to remove the finer particles. Placed the sieved sample in the glass vessel and partly fill the vessel with distill water. Keep the aggregate immersed for 24hours so that they are completely saturated.
At the end of the soaking period the vessel is then over filled with water. Cover this vessel with plane glass disc to ensure that no air is trap in the vessel. The vessel is then dried from the outside. Now take the weight of this assembly and note this reading as (A)
The vessel is now empty and the aggregate allowed to drain out. The aggregates are then placed on a dried cloth, till its comes in completely surface dry condition.
Refill the vessel with distilled water and slide the glass disc in position as before to ensure that no entrapped air is present in the vessel. Weigh the entire assembly and record the reading as (B)
After the aggregate appeared to be in saturated surface dry condition their weight is taken as (C).
Now the aggregates are placed in enamel tray to be kept in oven at a temperature of 100’C for 24hours. After 24hours the aggregates are taken out from the oven and cooled in an air tight container. Note down the oven dried weight of aggregate as (D).

Conclusion; Specific gravity cane be defined as the ratio of the weight of aggregate in air to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated surface dry aggregate.

Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate = D/(C-(A-B))

Water Absorption of Coarse aggregate = [(C-D)/D] x 100

3.1.4.1 Observation table

DESCRIPTION	SAMPLE NO.
DESCRIPTION	TEST 1	TEST 2
Weight of sample taken (g)	1000	1000
Weight of vessel + sample + water (A) (g)	3404	3408
Weight of vessel + water (B) (g)	2754	2754
Weight of saturated and surface dry Sample (C) (g)	990	992
Weight of oven dry sample (D) (g)	962	963
Specific gravity = D/( C-(A-B))	2.83	2.85
Water absorption percentage dry weight = [(C-D)/D] x 100 (%)	2.91	3.01
Average Specific gravity	2.84
Average water absorption	2.96

3.2 Concrete Mix Calculation

TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f'ck = fck + 1.65 s

where

f'ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,

fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and

s = standard deviation.

From IS 10262:2009 Table I, standard deviation, s =5 N/mm2 for M30

Therefore, target strength =30 + 1.65 x 5 =38.25 N/mm2

SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

From Table 5 of IS 456:2000, maximum water-cement ratio = 0.45

Based on experience, adopt water-cement ratio as 0.40

0.40 < 0.45, hence O.K.

SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From IS 456:2000 Table 2, maximum water content for

20mm aggregate =186 liter (for 100 to 90 mm slump range)

Estimated water content = 186+ (6/100)x 186 = 197 liter

As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up 20 percent.

Based on trials with super plasticizer water content reduction of 20 percent has been achieved. Hence, the arrived water content

= 197 x 0.8 = 157.6 liter

CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water-cement ratio = 0.40

Cement content = 157.6/0.40 = 394 kg/m3

From Table 5 of IS 456:2000, minimum cement

content for severe exposure condition = 320 kg/m3

394 kg/m3 > 320 kg/ m3, hence O.K.

PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT

When we increase coarse aggregate by 2 %

Water content should be lowered by 0.1 %

Coarse aggregate = 60% = 0.6

Fine aggregate = 40% = 0.4

Increase in volume of coarse aggregate by 2 %

Therefore % increase of Coarse aggregate = 0.6 + 0.02 = 0.62

For pumpable concrete the volume of coarse aggregate should be reduced by 10% volume of aggregate.

Therefore Coarse aggregate = 0.62x0.9 = 0.56

Therefore fine aggregate= 1-0.56 = 0.44

MIX CALCULATIONS

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

a)Volume of concrete = 1 m3

b) Volume of cement = (Mass of cement/sp.gravity of cement) x 1/1000

= (394/3.14) x 1/1000

= 0.1254 m3

c) Volume of water = (Mass of water/sp.gravity of water) x 1/1000

= (157.6/1) x 1/1000

= 0.1576 m3

d) Volume of chemical admixture = (Mass of admixture/sp.gravity) x 1/1000

(Chemsons super plasticizer) (@ 1.2% by mass of cementitious material)

Mass of admixture = 4.728 kg

Volume of admixture = (4.728/1.281) x 1/1000

= 0.0037 m3

e) Volume of all in aggregate = [a-(b+c+d)]

= [1-(0.1254+0.1576+0.0037)]

= 0.7133 m3

f) Mass of coarse aggregate = e x Vol of CA x sp.gravity of CA x 1000

= 0.7133 x (0.56x2.84) x 1000

= 1134.43 kg

g) Mass of fine aggregate = e x Vol of FA x sp.gravity of FA x 1000

= 0.7133 x (0.44x2.69) x 1000

= 844.26 kg

MIX CALCULATED

Volume of Concrete = 1 m3
Mass of Cement = 394 kg/m3
Mass of Water = 157.6 kg/m3
Mass of Fine aggregate = 844.26 kg/m3
Mass of Coarse aggregate = 1134.43 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 4.728 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio = 0.40

Mix proportion,

1 : 2.14 : 2.88 (C : FA : CA)

3.3 Batching

Weight batching method is adopted for batching

No. of cubes casted = 6
Volume of One cube = 0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of Six cubes = 0.003375x6 = 0.02025 m3
Increased volume of concrete by 52% = 0.03078 m3
Quantity of cement = 12.12 kg
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 34.91 kg
Quantity of Fine aggregate = 25.98 kg
Quantity of water = 4.85 kg
Quantity of Admixture (Super plasticizer) = 0.1455 kg

3.4 Concrete Compressive Strength Test Results

At 7 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:20/09/2016

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	7	150	150	22500	8.261		590	26.22
2.	7	150	150	22500	8.242		600	26.67
3.	7	150	150	22500	8.294		580	25.78
						Average Value		26.23

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:27/09/2016

At 28 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:20/09/2016

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	28	150	150	22500	8.288		840	37.33
2.	28	150	150	22500	8.309		830	36.89
3.	28	150	150	22500	8.206		840	37.33
						Average Value		37.18

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:18/10/2016

Chapter 4

Waste Materials

4.1 Material used as partial replacement of cement, sand and coarse aggregates

Ingredients Of Concrete	Replacement Of Waste Materials
1. Cement - Cement is the binding material, ordinary portland cement is the Standard cement used for many purpose. 2. Fine Aggregate - River Sand is used as Fine aggregate in construction work. 3. Coarse Aggregate - Aggregates are inert granular particles such as Gravel or Crushed stone.	2. Ceramic Powder- Ceramic tiles waste powder obtained from local ceramic tile Manufacturing unit will be used as a partial replacement of sand in some % in all mix composition. 3. Demolished waste- The waste of which is obtained from the Demolished structure is crushed into the Required sizes of Aggregates as a partial replacement of Course aggregates in some % in all mix composition.

Ceramic Waste

The principle waste coming into the ceramic industry is the ceramic powder, specifically in the powder forms. Ceramic wastes are generated as a waste during the process of dressing and polishing. It is estimated that 15 to 30% waste are produced of total raw material used, and although a portion of this waste may be utilized on-site, such as for excavation pit refill, The disposals of these waste materials acquire large land areas and remain scattered all around, spoiling the aesthetic of the entire region. It is very difficult to find a use of ceramic waste produced.

Ceramic waste can be used in concrete to improve its strength and other durability factors. Ceramic waste can be used as a partial replacement of cement or as a partial replacement of fine aggregate sand as a supplementary addition to achieve different properties of concrete.

Ceramic waste fragments obtained from local industry were crushed and sieved to produce fine aggregates.

Crushing process

The ceramic chip were crushed manually with the use of rammer and after crushing the ceramic waste were passed from 4.75mm IS sieve and retained on 300u (micron) IS sieve.

The particle which is passed from 4.75mm IS sieve and retained on 300u (micron) IS sieve were used as Fine aggregate in replacement of River sand.

The photo of initial stage ceramic chip and crushed ceramic is as shown below,

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Initial stage of Ceramic chips

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Crushed Ceramic

Demolition Waste

Demolition waste is waste debris from destruction of a building. The debris varies from insulation, electrical wiring, rebar, wood, concrete, and bricks. It also may contain lead, asbestos or different hazardous materials.

Certain components of demolition waste such as plasterboard are hazardous once landfilled. Plasterboard is broken down in landfill conditions releasing hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas.

There is the potential to recycle many elements of demolition waste. Often roll-off containers are used to transport the waste. Rubble can be crushed and reused in construction projects. Waste wood can also be recovered and recycled.

Government or local authorities often make rules about how much waste should be sorted before it is hauled away to landfills or other waste treatment facilities. Some hazardous materials may not be moved, or demolition begun, before the authorities have ascertained that safety guidelines and restrictions have been followed. Among their concerns would be the proper handling and disposal of such toxic elements as lead, asbestos or radioactive materials.

4.3.1 Crushing process

The demolished waste were crushed manually with the use of rammer and after crushing the demolished waste were passed from 20mm IS sieve and retained on 10mm IS sieve.

The particle which is passed from 20mm IS sieve and retained on 10mm IS sieve were used as Coarse aggregate in replacement of Crushed Stone.

The photo of initial stage Demolished waste and crushed demolished waste is as shown below,

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Demolished waste

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Crushed Demolished waste

4.4 Tests on Waste Materials

Similar test to be performed on respective waste materials,

4.4.1 Tests on Ceramic Waste;

Specific Gravity test
Water Absorption test

Determination of specific gravity and water absorption on fine aggregates

Apparatus: 1. Weighing balance of capacity not less than 5kg

2. Thermostatically controlled oven

3. Pycnometer, Enamel tray, Air tight container, Glass

rod, Wash bottle, Filter paper and Funnel.

Procedure:

Take approximately 2kg of fine aggregate in saturated surface dry condition and weigh it. Take 500g of this sample for test and record it in observation sheet as (C).
This sample is then place in the pycnometer. Fill the pycnometer partly with distilled water. Entrapped air is eliminated by stirring the contents of the pycnometer with glass rod.
Then the pycnometer is completely filled distill water. The hole of the apex of the cone is now covered with finger and assembly is shaken to remove any Entrapped air. Fill the cone of pycnometer with distill water using wash bottle. Now its weight recorded as (A)
Empty the content of pycnometer in enamel tray and refill the pycnometer with distill water to the same level as before using the same procedure. Weigh the entire assembly and record this reading as (B).
The water from the sample in the enamel tray is then removed by decantation. This water collected after decantation is then filtered and the material retained on the filter paper is returned to the sample after drawing.
The sample is then placed in the oven at a temperature of 100’C for 24hours. After 24hours the sample is taken out from the oven.
The sample should then be cooled in the air tight container. Note down the oven dried weight of the sample and record the reading as (D).

Conclusion: Specific gravity can be defined as the ratio of the weight of aggregate in air to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated surface dry aggregate.

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = D/(C-(A-B))

Water Absorption of fine aggregate = [(C-D)/D] x 100

4.4.1.1 Observation table

DESCRIPTION	SAMPLE NO.
DESCRIPTION	TEST 1
Weight of sample taken (g)	2000
Weight of saturated and surface dry aggregates (C) (g)	500
Weight of pycnometer + sample + water (A) (g)	1796
Weight of pycnometer + water (B) (g)	1506
Weight of oven dry sample (D) (g)	494
Specific gravity = D/( C-(A-B))	2.35
Water absorption percentage dry weight = [(C-D)/D] x 100 (%)	1.21

4.4.2 Tests on Demolished waste

Specific gravity test
Water absorption test

Determination of specific gravity and water absorption on Coarse aggregates

Apparatus: 1. Weighing balance of capacity not less than 5kg

2. Thermostatically Controlled oven

3. Glass vessel of sufficient capacity, Air-tight container

4. 10mm IS sieve

Procedure:

Take approximately 1kg sample of coarse aggregate in its natural state (The quantity of sample to be taken depends upon the size of the aggregate)
Now sieve the sample to 10mm IS sieve to remove the finer particles. Placed the sieved sample in the glass vessel and partly fill the vessel with distill water. Keep the aggregate immersed for 24hours so that they are completely saturated.
At the end of the soaking period the vessel is then over filled with water. Cover this vessel with plane glass disc to ensure that no air is trap in the vessel. The vessel is then dried from the outside. Now take the weight of this assembly and note this reading as (A)
The vessel is now empty and the aggregate allowed to drain out. The aggregates are then placed on a dried cloth, till its comes in completely surface dry condition.
Refill the vessel with distilled water and slide the glass disc in position as before to ensure that no entrapped air is present in the vessel. Weigh the entire assembly and record the reading as (B)
After the aggregate appeared to be in saturated surface dry condition their weight is taken as (C).
Now the aggregates are placed in enamel tray to be kept in oven at a temperature of 100’C for 24hours. After 24hours the aggregates are taken out from the oven and cooled in an air tight container. Note down the oven dried weight of aggregate as (D)

Conclusion; Specific gravity cane be defined as the ratio of the weight of aggregate in air to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated surface dry aggregate.

Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate = D/(C-(A-B))

Water Absorption of Coarse aggregate = [(C-D)/D] x 100

4.4.2.1 Observation table

DESCRIPTION	SAMPLE NO.
DESCRIPTION	TEST 1
Weight of sample taken (g)	1000
Weight of vessel + sample + water (A) (g)	1858
Weight of vessel + water (B) (g)	1228
Weight of saturated and surface dry Sample (C) (g)	1034
Weight of oven dry sample (D) (g)	976
Specific gravity = D/( C-(A-B))	2.42
Water absorption percentage dry weight = [(C-D)/D] x 100 (%)	5.94

4.5 Comparison of Tests Results

Test concluded on materials	Test results of Normal Concrete material	Test results of Waste material	Average Test Results
Specific Gravity
Fine Aggregate	2.69	2.35	2.52
Coarse Aggregate	2.84	2.42	2.63
Water Absorption
Fine Aggregate	3.31	1.21	2.26
Coarse Aggregate	2.96	5.94	4.45

Conclusion: On the basis of average material test result, mix design of waste replacement is calculated.

4.6 Mix Design with use of Waste Materials

Data for mix design,

Grade of Concrete: M 30
Target Strength: 38.25 N/mm2
Water Cement Ratio: 0.4
Maximum Size of Aggregate: 20 mm
Value of slump: 90 mm
Zone of Fine Aggregate: 2
Is concrete Pumpable: YES

Admixture specification,

% of Super Plasticizer: 1.2 %
% of water Reduction: 20.0 %
Specific gravity of admixture: 1.281

Specification of Materials,

Specific gravity of Cement: 3.14
Specific gravity of coarse Aggregate: 2.63
Specific gravity of fine Aggregate: 2.52
Water absorption of Coarse Aggregate: 4.45 %
Water absorption of Fine Aggregate: 2.26 %
Free Moisture of Coarse Aggregate: 0.0 %
Free Moisture of Fine Aggregate: 2.0 %

Mix calculated,

Quantity of Mix: 1 m3
Mass of Cement: 392.5 kg
Mass of Water Content: 207.179 kg
Mass of Fine Aggregate: 763.856 kg
Mass of Coarse Aggregate: 1082.988 kg
Mass of Chemical Admixture: 4.71 kg

Mix proportion,

1 : 1.94 : 2.75 (C : FA : CA)

Chapter 5

Replacement of Waste Material in Concrete

5.1 Trial 1: 20% of waste is replacing by Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate in concrete in mix.

5.1.1 Batching

Weight Batching:

Mix proportion = 1:1.94:2.75
No. of cubes casted = 6
Volume of One cube = 0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of Six cubes = 0.003375x6 = 0.02025 m3
Increased volume of concrete by 52% = 0.03078 m3
Quantity of cement = 12.08 kg
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 33.33 kg

Quantity of Crushed Stone = 26.66 kg

Quantity of Demolished waste = 6.67 kg

Quantity of Fine aggregate = 23.51 kg

Quantity of River sand = 18.8 kg

Quantity of Ceramic waste = 4.71 kg

Quantity of water = 6.38 kg
Quantity of Admixture (Super plasticizer) = 0.145 kg

5.1.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

At 7 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:25/01/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:01/02/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 20%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	7	150	150	22500	8.241		540	24
2.	7	150	150	22500	8.215		570	25.33
3.	7	150	150	22500	8.232		560	24.89
						Average Value		24.74

At 28 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:25/01/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:22/02/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 20%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	28	150	150	22500	8.202		810	36
2.	28	150	150	22500	8.226		820	36.44
3.	28	150	150	22500	8.173		800	35.56
						Average Value		36

5.2 Trial 2: 30% of waste is replacing by Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate in concrete in mix.

5.2.1 Batching

Weight Batching:

Mix proportion = 1:1.94:2.75
No. of cubes casted = 6
Volume of One cube = 0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of Six cubes = 0.003375x6 = 0.02025 m3
Increased volume of concrete by 52% = 0.03078 m3
Quantity of cement = 12.08 kg
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 33.33 kg

Quantity of Crushed Stone = 23.33 kg

Quantity of Demolished waste = 9.99 kg

Quantity of Fine aggregate = 23.51 kg

Quantity of River sand = 16.46 kg

Quantity of Ceramic waste = 7.05 kg

Quantity of water = 6.38 kg
Quantity of Admixture (Super plasticizer) = 0.145 kg

5.2.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

At 7 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:25/01/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:01/02/2017

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	7	150	150	22500	8.217		540	24
2.	7	150	150	22500	8.108		540	24
3.	7	150	150	22500	8.189		550	24.44
						Average Value		24.14

Percentage replacement of Waste: 30%

At 28 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:25/01/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:22/02/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 30%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	28	150	150	22500	8.100		790	35.11
2.	28	150	150	22500	8.147		780	34.67
3.	28	150	150	22500	8.086		780	34.67
						Average Value		34.81

5.3 Trial 3: 40% of waste is replacing by Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate in concrete in mix.

5.3.1 Batching

Weight Batching:

Mix proportion = 1:1.94:2.75
No. of cubes casted = 6
Volume of One cube = 0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of Six cubes = 0.003375x6 = 0.02025 m3
Increased volume of concrete by 52% = 0.03078 m3
Quantity of cement = 12.08 kg
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 33.33 kg

Quantity of Crushed Stone = 19.998 kg

Quantity of Demolished waste = 13.332 kg

Quantity of Fine aggregate = 23.51 kg

Quantity of River sand = 14.11 kg

Quantity of Ceramic waste = 9.4 kg

Quantity of water = 6.38 kg
Quantity of Admixture (Super plasticizer) = 0.145 kg

5.3.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

At 7 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/02/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:09/02/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 40%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	7	150	150	22500	8.163		530	23.56
2.	7	150	150	22500	8.180		530	23.56
3.	7	150	150	22500	8.205		510	22.67
						Average Value		23.26

At 28 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/02/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:02/03/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 40%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	28	150	150	22500	8.221		770	34.22
2.	28	150	150	22500	8.210		760	33.78
3.	28	150	150	22500	8.199		770	34.22
						Average Value		34.07

5.4 Trial 4: 50% of waste is replacing by Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate in concrete in mix.

5.4.1 Batching

Weight Batching:

Mix proportion = 1:1.94:2.75
No. of cubes casted = 6
Volume of One cube = 0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of Six cubes = 0.003375x6 = 0.02025 m3
Increased volume of concrete by 52% = 0.03078 m3
Quantity of cement = 12.08 kg
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 33.33 kg

Quantity of Crushed Stone = 16.665 kg

Quantity of Demolished waste = 16.665 kg

Quantity of Fine aggregate = 23.51 kg

Quantity of River sand = 11.755 kg

Quantity of Ceramic waste = 11.755 kg

Quantity of water = 6.38 kg
Quantity of Admixture (Super plasticizer) = 0.145 kg

5.4.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

At 7 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/02/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:09/02/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 50%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	7	150	150	22500	8.174		490	21.77
2.	7	150	150	22500	8.143		500	22.22
3.	7	150	150	22500	8.190		490	21.77
						Average Value		21.92

At 28 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/02/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:02/03/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 50%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	28	150	150	22500	8.182		740	32.89
2.	28	150	150	22500	8.129		730	32.44
3.	28	150	150	22500	8.150		750	33.33
						Average Value		32.88

5.5 Trial 5: 60% of waste is replacing by Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate in concrete in mix.

5.5.1 Batching

Weight Batching:

Mix proportion = 1:1.94:2.75
No. of cubes casted = 6
Volume of One cube = 0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of Six cubes = 0.003375x6 = 0.02025 m3
Increased volume of concrete by 52% = 0.03078 m3
Quantity of cement = 12.08 kg
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 33.33 kg

Quantity of Crushed Stone = 13.332 kg

Quantity of Demolished waste = 19.998 kg

Quantity of Fine aggregate = 23.51 kg

Quantity of River sand = 9.4 kg

Quantity of Ceramic waste = 14.11 kg

Quantity of water = 6.38 kg
Quantity of Admixture (Super plasticizer) = 0.145 kg

5.5.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

At 7 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/02/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:09/02/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 60%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	7	150	150	22500	8.051		450	20
2.	7	150	150	22500	8.113		450	20
3.	7	150	150	22500	8.096		460	20.44
						Average Value		20.14

At 28 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/02/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:02/03/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 60%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	28	150	150	22500	8.087		670	29.77
2.	28	150	150	22500	8.105		670	29.77
3.	28	150	150	22500	8.039		680	30.22
						Average Value		29.92

5.6 Trial 6: 55% of waste is replacing by Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate in concrete in mix.

5.6.1 Batching

Weight Batching:

Mix proportion = 1:1.94:2.75
No. of cubes casted = 6
Volume of One cube = 0.15x0.15x0.15 = 0.003375 m3
Volume of Six cubes = 0.003375x6 = 0.02025 m3
Increased volume of concrete by 52% = 0.03078 m3
Quantity of cement = 12.08 kg
Quantity of Coarse Aggregate = 33.33 kg

Quantity of Crushed Stone = 14.998 kg

Quantity of Demolished waste = 18.332 kg

Quantity of Fine aggregate = 23.51 kg

Quantity of River sand = 10.58 kg

Quantity of Ceramic waste = 12.93 kg

Quantity of water = 6.38 kg
Quantity of Admixture (Super plasticizer) = 0.145 kg

5.6.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

At 7 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/03/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:09/03/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 55%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	7	150	150	22500	8.141		460	20.44
2.	7	150	150	22500	8.104		470	20.89
3.	7	150	150	22500	8.122		470	20.89
						Average Value		20.74

At 28 days

Cube Size (mm):150x150x150 Date of Casting:02/03/2017

Grade of Concrete:M30 Date of testing:29/03/2017

Percentage replacement of Waste: 55%

S. No.	Age of specimen (Days)	Dimension of specimen (mm)		Cross Sectional area (mm2)	Weight (kg)		Maximum load (KN)	Compressive strength (N/mm2)
		Length	Width
1.	28	150	150	22500	8.127		680	30.22
2.	28	150	150	22500	8.134		700	31.11
3.	28	150	150	22500	8.148		680	30.22
						Average Value		30.51

5.7 Comparison of average compression strength at 28 days;

Trials	Average Compressive Strength at 28 days (N/mm2)
Trial 1 (20% replacement)	36
Trial 2 (30% replacement)	35.55
Trial 3 (40% replacement)	34.07
Trial 4 (50% replacement)	32.88
Trial 5 (60% replacement)	29.92
Trial 6 (55% replacement)	30.51

Optimum replacement level of fine aggregate with ceramic waste and coarse aggregate with demolition waste is 50%.

Chapter 6

Cost Estimation and Comparison

Cost estimation is done to know how much amount for per M3 concrete work on construction project can be save when replacing 50% of Ceramic waste with fine aggregate and demolished waste with coarse aggregate. Estimation is done on the basis of latest market selling rates as on March 2017. Estimation is calculated only for fine aggregate and coarse aggregate required as per mix proportion in 1m3 concrete, as only these ingredients are replaced by waste materials. Following are the rate of material, per brace;

Material	Rate per Brass (₹)	Rate per m3 (₹)
River sand	6400	2261.5
Crushed sand	2500	883.4
Crushed stone (CA)	1600	565.4
Ceramic waste	1250	441.7
Demolished waste	1200	424.1

Above rates are excluding transportation charge*

6.1 Rate of waste materials

Rate of Ceramic waste and demolished waste are calculated as follows;

Rate of ceramic chip without crushed = ₹350/brass
Rate of demolished waste without crushed = ₹200/brass
Primary crusher (Jaw crusher) charge = ₹1000/brass
Secondary crusher (Roll crusher) charge = ₹900/brass
Rate of ceramic chip = Without crushed rate + Secondary crusher charge

= 350 + 900

= ₹1250/brass

Rate of demolished waste = without crushed rate + Primary crusher charge

= 200 + 1000

= ₹1200/brass

6.2 Rate of FA and CA in 1m3 concrete mix (1:1.94:2.75)

Dry volume = 1m3
Increased 52% of dry volume = 1.52 x 1

= 1.52m3

Volume of sand = [1.52/(1+1.94+2.75)]x1.94

= 0.518m3

Volume of coarse aggregate = [1.52/(1+1.94+2.75)]x2.75

=0.735m3

S. No.	Description	Quantity	Unit	Rate(₹)	Amount(₹)
1.	Sand	0.518	M3	2261.5	1171.5
2.	Coarse aggregate	0.735	M3	565.4	415.5
				Total = ₹1587/-

6.3 Rate with Replacement of 50% Waste in FA and CA

Volume of FA = 0.518m3

Therefore, Volume of Sand = 50% of 0.518m3

= 0.259m3

Volume of Ceramic waste = 50% of 0.518m3

= 0.259m3

Volume of CA = 0.735m3

Therefore, Volume of Crushed sand = 50% of 0.735m3

= 0.3675m3

Volume of Demolished waste = 50% of 0.735m3

= 0.3675m3

S. No.	Description	Quantity	Unit	Rate(₹)	Amount(₹)
1.	Sand	0.259	M3	2261.5	585.7
2.	Ceramic waste	0.259	M3	441.7	114.4
3.	Crushed stone	0.3675	M3	565.4	207.8
4.	Demolished waste	0.3675	M3	424.1	155.9
				Total = ₹1063.8

6.4 Cost Comparison

The total cost of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in 1m3 concrete mix = ₹1587/-

The total cost of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate with replacement of 50% of ceramic waste and demolished waste respectively = ₹1063.8/- ~ ₹1064/-

Amount saved after replacement of 50% waste = 1587 – 1064

= ₹523/-

This shows that in 1m3 concrete ₹523/- saved in 50% replacement of waste with fine aggregate and coarse aggregate without disturbing the required compressive strength of concrete.

Chapter 7

Objectives

For sustainable development of structural engineering.
To reduce or utilize the waste generated from structures.
To use various waste materials in constructions units.
To find the alternative of basic materials which are used in construction from past many years.
Research efforts have been done to match society’s need for safe and economic disposal of waste materials.
The use of waste materials saves natural resources and dumping spaces, and helps to maintain a clean environment.
Construction waste recycle plants are now installed in various countries but they are partly solution to the waste problems.

Chapter 8

Conclusion

It is observed that, compressive strength of concrete made using ceramic waste and Demolition waste increased with replacement level (up to 50%).
The Compressive Strength of M30 grade Concrete does not effect when the replacement of Ceramic waste and Demolition waste up to 50% replaces by weight or volume of Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate. Further replacement of Fine aggregate with Ceramic waste and Coarse aggregate with Demolition waste decreases the Compressive Strength.
Optimum replacement level of fine aggregate with ceramic waste and coarse aggregate with demolition waste is 50%.
In 1m3 concrete ₹523/- saved in 50% replacement of waste with fine aggregate and coarse aggregate without disturbing the required compressive strength of concrete.
Ceramic waste can effectively be used as alternative & supplementary materials in concrete.
Demolished aggregate posses relatively lower bulk crushing, density and impact standards and higher water absorption as compared to natural aggregate.
The compressive strength of demolished aggregate concrete is relatively lower up to 15% than natural aggregate concrete.

It is the possible alternative solution of safe disposal of Ceramic waste Demolition waste.

It is identified that all wastes used here can be disposed by using them as Construction materials.
Waste and recycling management plans should be developed in order to sustain environmental, economic and social development of nation.
The specific gravity of all these waste materials are quite smaller. Vast potential of saving the natural beds of stones and boulders which are currently used as main source of aggregates can be reduces significantly.
Light weight constructions units can be made by using these wastes.
It also reduces the cost of construction when used in bulk.

References

IS 456:2000
IS 10262:2009
Concrete technology: theory and practice- M.S.SHETTY.
Soil mechanics and foundations- Dr. B.C.PUNMIA.
Paper by- Mrs. Lakshmi R and Mr. Nagan S.
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES)(2010/2011).
Paper by- Mr. RAMCHANDRA T.V and Mrs. Saira Varghese K (2009)
(International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research)
Journal by- Hitesh Kumar Mandavi, Vikas Srivastava, V.C. Agarwal (2015)
Journal by- O. Zimbili, W. Salim, M. Ndambuki
Journal by- Shivakumar, M.N, Nithin K.S, B.M Gangadharappa
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
Journal by- Saswat Hota and Vikas Srivastava
Journal by- Mohammed Monish, Vikas Srivastava, V.C. Agarwal, P.k. Mehta and Rakesh Kumar
http://www.ewasteguide.info
http://www.enwikipedia.org/wiki/waste_management
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/tests-cement
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/tests-coarseaggregate
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/tests-fineaggregate
http://www.erpublication.org
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/mix-design-with-superplasticizers
http://www.sciencedirect.com
http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org
http://www.ijesrt.com
http://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.concretemixdesign

Civil engineering

Sunday 20 May 2018

To study the Project Management Analysis with MS Project in Construction industry

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uo_pkwHHFueePFxKkSHmQdmNkBAfNkd-/view?usp=sharing

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ME9cq6CqriUhYbHc705LISpC6Someu15/view?usp=sharing

Thursday 11 May 2017

Concrete Mix design Excel sheet from IS code

Its an excel sheet for designing concrete mix with required input from user

Friday 28 April 2017

use of waste material as partial replacement for concrete mix design and Estimation for partial replacement

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